Method and apparatus for treating fluid build-up in a body cavity, including method and apparatus for treating ascites and pleural effusions

ABSTRACT

A method for treating pleural effusion in a patient, the method comprising: providing a valve comprising: a body having a distal end, a proximal end and a lumen extending therebetween; an inlet disposed at the proximal end of the body, the inlet being fluidically connected to the lumen; an outlet disposed at the distal end of the body, the outlet being fluidically connected to the lumen; and at least one valve element disposed in the lumen of the body, the at least one valve element being a one-way valve element configured to permit the passage of fluid in a single direction through the lumen of the body; and implanting the valve in the body of the patient such that the inlet of the valve is fluidically connected to the pleural cavity of the patient, and such that the outlet of the valve is fluidically connected to a second body cavity.

REFERENCE TO PENDING PRIOR PATENT APPLICATION

This patent application is a continuation-in-part of pending prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/426,184, filed Feb. 7, 2017 by ewimed and Albertus Scheule et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING ASCITES (Attorney's Docket No. CULLINANE-21), which patent application is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for treating medical conditions in general, and more particularly to a novel method and apparatus for treating fluid build-up in a body cavity, including a novel method and apparatus for treating ascites, pleural effusions, etc.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ascites is the condition of pathologic fluid collection within the abdominal cavity, in particular within the peritoneal cavity. Ascites can be caused by different diseases, e.g., cirrhosis, cancer and heart failure, among other diseases.

One way of treating ascites is by the direct removal of the excess fluid from the abdominal cavity. Such direct removal is typically effected by puncturing the abdominal wall (e.g., with a needle) and using a pump (e.g., a syringe) to generate suction to remove the fluid from the body. See, for example, FIG. 1, which shows direct removal of excess fluid from the abdominal cavity via drainage to a collection bag 5; and FIG. 2, which shows direct removal of excess fluid from the abdominal cavity using a syringe 10. Inasmuch as the excess fluid removed from the body typically contains important biological components which should not be discarded, the fluid that is removed from the body may thereafter be re-introduced into the body at a different location, e.g., the jugular vein. Since excess fluid may build up again in the abdominal cavity even after removal of fluid, repetition of the removal and re-introduction procedure may be necessary.

In order to decrease the burden on the patient (i.e., the burden resulting from continued invasive procedures which are needed in order to access the abdominal cavity to remove fluid and to re-introduce the fluid into the body at a different location), shunts may be implanted into the body of the patient to connect the peritoneal cavity with the major thoracic vein via flexible tubing. See, for example, FIGS. 3 and 4, which show an exemplary catheter 15 which may be used as a shunt. A one-way valve 20 is typically provided in catheter 15 in order to control the direction of fluid flow (i.e., to allow the fluid to flow in only one direction, from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic vein). Such shunts are commonly referred to as peritoneovenous (or “P-V”) shunts. The one-way fluid flow through a P-V shunt is typically caused by pressure which is generated during respiration (i.e., when mechanical impingement of the diaphragm on the ascetic fluid pressurizes the fluid, causing the fluid to flow into the P-V shunt). Most of the ascetic fluid which is introduced into the major thoracic vein is ultimately excreted from the body as urine, while plasma proteins which are present in the ascetic fluid are retained in the blood.

By way of example but not limitation, EP 0 806 970 A1 shows an improved valve which may be used in a typical P-V shunt. However, the valve of EP 0 806 970 A1 is positioned between the peritoneal tubing of the P-V shunt and the venous tubing of the P-V shunt. As a result, with such a valve, there is a significant risk of the failure of the P-V shunt due to blocking of the peritoneal tubing (and possibly also the venous tubing) by the pressure created against the tubing in the abdominal cavity. In addition, the long distance traversed by the P-V shunt (i.e., the distance from the patient's abdominal cavity to the patient's major thoracic vein) requires a long shunt and an invasive procedure to implant the shunt in the patient's body.

Thus there is a need for a new and improved method and apparatus for the treatment of ascites which eliminates the problems encountered when using long shunts, which allows for the recirculation of ascetic fluid without removing it from the patient's body, and which places as little burden on the patient as possible.

Other pathologic conditions may also result in fluid build-up within a body cavity and require treatment through removal of the fluid from the body cavity. By way of example but not limitation, one such pathologic condition is pleural effusion, the build-up of fluid within the pleural cavity, and particularly fluid build-up in the space between the visceral pleural layer and the parietal pleural layer. Pleural effusion is typically treated by draining excess fluid from the pleural cavity using a catheter connected to an external suction source (e.g., a pump), however, such an approach is disadvantageous in that fluid often builds up again in the plural cavity (requiring another catheter-based intervention to drain), the fluid may not be transfused back into the patient and excessive loss may cause hypoproteinemia, and/or the use of a drainage catheter may cause infections (e.g., empyema).

Thus there is also a need for a new and improved method and apparatus for the treatment of fluid build-up in a body cavity, particularly fluid build-up in the pleural cavity, which eliminates the problems encountered when using drainage catheters, which allows for the recirculation of fluid removed from the body cavity without removing it from the patient's body, and which places as little burden on the patient as possible.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention eliminates the need for long shunts, and the burden imposed on the patient by implanting long shunts within the patient's body, while avoiding the need to remove fluid from, and re-introduce fluid into, the patient's body. As a result, the present invention is able to significantly reduce the burden on the patient which is typically encountered when using traditional P-V shunts (e.g., resistance to fluid flow and higher occlusion rates).

More particularly, the present invention comprises the provision and use of a novel implantable one-way valve, and a method for treating a patient using the novel implantable one-way valve, so as to provide a direct connection between the abdominal cavity and the venous system of the patient.

In addition, the present invention also comprises the provision and use of a novel implantable one-way valve, and a method for treating a patient using the novel implantable one-way valve, so as to treat fluid build-up in a body cavity, particularly fluid build-up in the pleural cavity, which eliminates the problems encountered when using drainage catheters, which allows for the recirculation of fluid removed from the body cavity without removing it from the patient's body, and which places as little burden on the patient as possible.

In one preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a valve for treating ascites, the valve comprising:

a body having a distal end, a proximal end and a lumen extending therebetween;

at least one valve element disposed in the lumen of the body, the at least one valve element being a one-way valve element configured to permit the passage of fluid in a single direction through the lumen of the body; and

at least one connection element provided on at least one of the distal end and the proximal end of the body, wherein the at least one connection element is configured to connect the body of the valve to the side wall of a blood vessel.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating ascites, the method comprising:

implanting a one-way valve into the side wall of a blood vessel located adjacent the abdominal cavity, so that one side of the valve lies within, and is fluidically connected to, the abdominal cavity and the other side of the valve lies within, and is fluidically connected to, the interior of the blood vessel.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a valve for treating ascites, the valve comprising:

a body having a distal end, a proximal end and a lumen extending therebetween;

at least one valve element mounted to the distal end of the body and extending distally therefrom, the at least one valve element being a one-way valve element configured to permit the passage of fluid in a single direction through the lumen of the body; and

at least one connection element provided on at least one of the distal end and the proximal end of the body, wherein the at least one connection element is configured to connect the body of the valve to the side wall of a blood vessel.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating pleural effusion in a patient, the method comprising:

providing a valve comprising:

-   -   a body having a distal end, a proximal end and a lumen extending         therebetween;     -   an inlet disposed at the proximal end of the body, the inlet         being fluidically connected to the lumen;     -   an outlet disposed at the distal end of the body, the outlet         being fluidically connected to the lumen; and     -   at least one valve element disposed in the lumen of the body,         the at least one valve element being a one-way valve element         configured to permit the passage of fluid in a single direction         through the lumen of the body; and

implanting the valve in the body of the patient such that the inlet of the valve is fluidically connected to the pleural cavity of the patient, and such that the outlet of the valve is fluidically connected to a second body cavity.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a valve for draining fluid from a pleural cavity of a patient into a second body cavity of a patient, the valve comprising:

a body having a distal end, a proximal end and a lumen extending therebetween, wherein the distance between the distal end of the body and the proximal end of the body is at least as great as the distance between the pleural cavity of a patient and the abdominal cavity of a patient;

an inlet disposed at the proximal end of the body, the inlet being fluidically connected to the lumen;

an outlet disposed at the distal end of the body, the outlet being fluidically connected to the lumen; and

at least one valve element disposed in the lumen of the body, the at least one valve element being a one-way valve element configured to permit the passage of fluid in a single direction through the lumen of the body.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method for draining fluid from a first body cavity of a patient into a second body cavity of a patient, the method comprising:

providing a valve comprising:

-   -   a body having a distal end, a proximal end and a lumen extending         therebetween;     -   an inlet disposed at the proximal end of the body, the inlet         being fluidically connected to the lumen;     -   an outlet disposed at the distal end of the body, the outlet         being fluidically connected to the lumen; and     -   at least one valve element disposed in the lumen of the body,         the at least one valve element being a one-way valve element         configured to permit the passage of fluid in a single direction         through the lumen of the body; and

implanting the valve in the body of the patient such that the inlet of the valve is fluidically connected to the first body cavity, and such that the outlet of the valve is fluidically connected to the second body cavity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objects and features of the present invention will be more fully disclosed or rendered obvious by the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, which is to be considered together with the accompanying drawings wherein like numbers refer to like parts, and further wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing how ascetic fluid may be removed from the abdomen of a patient using a drainage bag;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing how ascetic fluid may be removed from the abdomen of a patient using a syringe;

FIGS. 3 and 4 are schematic views of a prior art P-V shunt which may be used to remove fluid from the abdomen of a patient and re-introduce the fluid into the patient at a remote location;

FIGS. 5-8 are schematic views showing a novel one-way valve formed in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic view showing the one-way valve of FIGS. 5-8 implanted in the side wall of a blood vessel;

FIG. 10 is a schematic view showing a novel delivery system which may be used to deliver a novel one-way valve to an internal anatomical site;

FIGS. 11-13 are schematic views showing how a novel one-way valve formed in accordance with the present invention may be implanted into the side wall of a blood vessel using an “abdominal approach”;

FIGS. 14, 15, 15A and 15B are schematic views showing how a novel one-way valve formed in accordance with the present invention may be implanted into the side wall of a blood vessel using an “endoluminal approach”;

FIGS. 16-18 are schematic views showing another novel one-way valve formed in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 19 is a schematic view showing the one-way valve of FIGS. 16-18 implanted in the side wall of a blood vessel;

FIGS. 20-24 are schematic views which show alternative valve elements which may be used with the novel one-way valve of the present invention;

FIGS. 25 and 26 are schematic views which show alternative connection elements which may be used with the novel one-way valve of the present invention;

FIGS. 27 and 28 are schematic views showing another novel one-way valve formed in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 29-36 are schematic views showing another novel delivery system which may be used to deliver a novel one-way valve (e.g., the novel one-way valve of FIGS. 27 and 28) to an internal anatomical site;

FIGS. 37-42 are schematic views showing how a novel one-way valve (e.g., the novel one-way valve of FIGS. 27 and 28) formed in accordance with the present invention may be implanted into the side wall of a blood vessel via an “endovascular approach” using the novel delivery system of FIGS. 29-36;

FIGS. 43-45 are schematic views showing a novel one-way valve formed in accordance with the present invention which is configured for fluidically connecting a first body cavity to a second body cavity;

FIGS. 46-48 are schematic views showing how a novel one-way valve (e.g., the novel one-way valve of FIGS. 43-45) formed in accordance with the present invention may be implanted into the body of a patient so as to fluidically connect the plural cavity with the abdominal cavity; and

FIG. 49 is a schematic view showing how a novel one-way valve (e.g., the novel one-way valve of FIGS. 43-45) formed in accordance with the present invention may be implanted into the body of a patient so as to fluidically connect the pleural cavity with a venous blood vessel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention comprises the provision and use of a novel implantable one-way valve, and a novel method for treating a patient using the novel implantable one-way valve, so as to provide a direct connection between the abdominal cavity and the venous system of the patient.

The present invention also comprises the provision and use of a novel implantable one-way valve, and a novel method for treating a patient using the novel implantable one-way valve, so as to provide a direct connection between a first body cavity (e.g., the pleural cavity) and a second body cavity (e.g., the abdominal cavity).

And the present invention further comprises the provision and use of a novel implantable one-way valve, and a novel method for treating a patient using the novel implantable one-way valve, so as to provide a direct connection between a first body cavity (e.g., the pleural cavity) and the venous system of the patient.

For purposes of the present disclosure, the terms “proximal” and “distal” are used in the context of the fluid flow through the anatomy, i.e., the “proximal” direction is the direction towards the abdominal cavity (or first body cavity) containing the ascetic fluid (or other body fluid) and the “distal” direction is the direction towards the interior of the blood vessel (or second body cavity) which is to receive the ascetic fluid (or other body fluid). Thus, for purposes of the present disclosure, the “proximal” end of the novel implantable one-way valve (see below) refers to the end of the novel implantable one-way valve directed toward the abdominal cavity (or first body cavity) containing the ascetic fluid (or other body fluid) and the “distal” end of the novel implantable one-way valve (see below) refers to the end of the novel implantable one-way valve directed toward the blood vessel (or second body cavity) which is to receive the ascetic fluid (or other body fluid).

Novel One-Way Valve

In one preferred form of the invention, and looking now at FIGS. 5-8, there is shown a novel implantable one-way valve 25. One-way valve 25 generally comprises a body 30, a valve element 35, a proximal connection element 40 and a distal connection element 45.

More particularly, valve body 30 generally comprises a tube 50 having a proximal end 55, a distal end 60, and a lumen 65 extending therebetween. Lumen 65 comprises an inlet 70 disposed at proximal end 55 of tube 50 and an outlet 75 disposed at distal end 60 of tube 50.

In a preferred form of the present invention, tube 50 (and hence, lumen 65) comprises a generally circular cross-section and is radially compressible in order to aid in implantation of one-way valve 25 into a blood vessel, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail. It should be appreciated that in a preferred form of the invention, the length of tube 50 can be selected such that the length of tube 50 is at least equal to the thickness of the wall of the blood vessel into which one-way valve 25 is to be implanted, plus the thickness of interstitial tissue (disposed between the wall of the blood vessel and the peritoneal layer) which tube 50 will need to extend through in order to reach the wall of the blood vessel, plus the thickness of the peritoneal layer which tube 50 will need to extend through. Furthermore, if desired, the diameter of tube 50 can be selected such that tube 50 will comprise a diameter smaller than the diameter of the blood vessel into which one-way valve 25 is to be implanted.

Valve element 35 is disposed within lumen 65 of tube 50, intermediate proximal end 55 of tube 50 and distal end 60 of tube 50. In one preferred form of the invention, valve element 35 comprises a one-way, slit-type valve such that fluid may enter into inlet 70, pass through the proximal portion of lumen 65, pass through valve element 35, pass through the distal portion of lumen 65 and exit out of outlet 75, but which does not allow fluid to flow in the opposite direction (i.e., from the blood vessel, through valve element 35 and into the abdominal cavity). As a result, when one-way valve 25 is implanted into a blood vessel (e.g., a vein) in the region of the abdominal cavity such that inlet 70 is open to ascetic fluid within the abdominal cavity and outlet 75 is open to the interior of the blood vessel, ascetic fluid can flow from the abdominal cavity, through one-way valve 25 and into the vein, but fluid cannot flow in the opposite direction.

It should be appreciated that valve element 35 is preferably configured such that valve element 35 is “closed” (i.e., does not permit fluid to flow) until the pressure differential between (i) the pressure of the fluid entering inlet 70, and (ii) the pressure of the fluid entering outlet 75, rises above a pre-determined threshold. By way of example but not limitation, valve element 35 may be configured to “open” (i.e., allow fluid to flow from inlet 70, through valve element 35 and out of outlet 75) when the pressure differential on the two sides of the valve element is less than 10 mmHg and, more preferably, when the pressure differential is between 2 mmHg and 5 mmHg.

Proximal connection element 40 is preferably mounted to proximal end 55 of tube 50 of valve body 30, and distal connection element 45 is preferably mounted to distal end 60 of tube 50 of valve body 30. Proximal connection element 40 and distal connection element 45 are preferably spaced apart from one another such that when one-way valve 25 is deployed at an internal site (e.g., across the wall of a blood vessel such as a vein, plus any interstitial tissue, plus the peritoneal layer), the blood vessel wall (plus interstitial tissue, plus the peritoneal layer) is captured between proximal connection element 40 and distal connection element 45, whereby to anchor one-way valve 25 in place within the wall of the blood vessel. To this end, the distance between proximal connection element 40 and distal connection element 45 is preferably equal to the thickness of the vessel wall to be spanned by one-way valve 25, plus any intervening tissue through which the deployed one-way valve 25 will pass (e.g., interstitial tissue, peritoneal layer, etc.).

Proximal connection element 40 preferably comprises a plurality of legs 80 extending radially outward from tube 50 and terminating in a plurality of distally-directed contact surfaces 85. Legs 80 are preferably spring-biased such that they can be radially constrained when one-way valve 25 is being delivered to an internal anatomical site (e.g., via a delivery sheath), and thereafter spring outward (e.g., when the delivery sheath is removed) such that legs 80 and/or distally-directed contact surfaces 85 engage the wall of the blood vessel (or the intervening tissue), whereby to anchor proximal connection element 40 (and hence, one-way valve 25) in position, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail.

Distal connection element 45 preferably comprises a plurality of legs 90 extending radially outward from tube 50 and terminating in a plurality of proximally-directed contact surfaces 95. Legs 90 are preferably spring-biased such that they can be radially constrained when one-way valve 25 is being delivered to an internal anatomical site (e.g., via a delivery sheath), and thereafter spring outward (e.g., when the delivery sheath is removed) such that legs 90 and/or proximally-directed contact surfaces 95 engage the wall of the blood vessel (or the intervening tissue), whereby to anchor distal connection element 45 (and hence, one-way valve 25) in position, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail.

In one preferred form of the invention, the distal end of one-way valve 25 (i.e., the portions of the one-way valve which extend into the interior of the blood vessel) are formed so as to be as smooth as possible so as to minimize thrombus formation.

Although one-way valve 25 is depicted in FIGS. 5-8 as having two connection elements (i.e., a proximal connection element 40 and a distal connection element 45), it should be appreciated that, if desired, one-way valve 25 may comprise only a single connection element. By way of example but not limitation, distal connection element 45 may be omitted. In this form of the invention, proximal connection element 40 is configured to anchor one-way valve 25 in the blood vessel (e.g., proximal connection element 40 might comprise a sewing ring for suturing proximal connection element 40 to the wall of the blood vessel or the intervening tissue). This may be advantageous in some applications, inasmuch as distal connection element 45 would otherwise be disposed within the interior of a blood vessel, and the omission of distal connection element 45 (i.e., legs 95 of distal connection element 45), which is typically disposed within the interior of the blood vessel, can minimize the incidence of thrombosis at the site of implantation.

Exemplary Use Of One-Way Valve 25

In use, and looking now at FIG. 9, one-way valve 25 is preferably implanted into the peritoneum/interstitium (sometimes hereinafter referred to as the “peritoneal layer” and the “interstitial tissue” or “interstitial layer”, respectively) and the wall of a blood vessel 100 (e.g., the vena cava, the vena iliaca, etc.) such that inlet 70 of one-way valve 25 is in fluid communication with the abdominal cavity 105 (e.g., such that inlet 70 is in fluid communication with the ascetic fluid), and outlet 75 is in fluid communication with the interior of blood vessel 100. Proximal connection element 40 contacts the outer wall of blood vessel 100 (or contacts the intervening tissue, e.g., the peritoneal layer and/or interstitial tissue), and distal connection element 45 contacts the inner wall of blood vessel 100, thereby anchoring one-way valve 25 within the wall of blood vessel 100 such that one-way valve 25 spans the blood vessel wall (and any intervening tissue) and provides a one-way fluid pathway from abdominal cavity 105, through tube 50 (and through valve element 35) into the interior of blood vessel 100.

As a result, fluid is able to flow from abdominal cavity 105, into inlet 70 of one-way valve 25, through valve element 35 and out of outlet 75 of one-way valve 25, into the interior of blood vessel 100.

As will hereinafter be discussed in further detail, a delivery system may be provided for implanting the one-way valve into the wall of the blood vessel.

As will also hereinafter be discussed in further detail, one-way valve 25 may be implanted using an “abdominal approach” in which the one-way valve is advanced from the abdominal cavity, through the wall of the blood vessel, and into the lumen of the blood vessel. Alternatively, one-way valve 25 may be implanted using an “endoluminal approach” in which the one-way valve is advanced from the lumen of the blood vessel, through the wall of the blood vessel, and into the abdominal cavity.

Delivery System For Delivering And Deploying One-Way Valve 25

As discussed above, one-way valve 25 is configured to be implanted into the side wall of a blood vessel (e.g., a vein) at an internal anatomical site in order to facilitate treatment of ascites. To this end, it is desirable to provide a novel delivery system for delivering one-way valve 25 to an internal anatomical site, and for deploying one-way valve 25 into the side wall of the blood vessel.

Looking next at FIG. 10, there is shown a novel delivery system 110. Delivery system 110 generally comprises a puncture device 115, a guidewire 120, a deployment catheter 125 and a delivery sheath 130. Also shown in FIG. 10 is one-way valve 25 loaded on guidewire 120 and disposed within deployment catheter 125.

More particularly, puncture device 115 preferably comprises an elongated shaft having a sharp distal end which may be used to penetrate through tissue (e.g., through the peritoneal layer, through interstitial tissue, through the wall of a blood vessel, etc.).

Guidewire 120 comprises a flexible guidewire of the sort well known in the art which may be used to guide one-way valve 25 to an internal site, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail.

Deployment catheter 125 generally comprises a tube having an open distal end, an open proximal end, and a lumen extending therebetween. The lumen of deployment catheter 125 is sized so as to hold one-way valve 25 in a radially-contracted condition, e.g., with legs 80 of proximal connection element 40 and legs 90 of distal connection element 45 being held parallel to valve body 30, whereby to provide a reduced profile for delivery of one-way valve 25 to an internal anatomical site, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail.

Delivery sheath 130 generally comprises a tube having an open distal end, an open proximal end, and a lumen extending therebetween. Delivery sheath 130 is sized so as to fit over deployment catheter 125, whereby to protect deployment catheter 125 and one-way valve 25 during delivery to an internal anatomical site, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail.

Method Of Implanting And Deploying One-Way Valve 25

As discussed above, one-way valve 25 is intended to be deployed in the side wall of a blood vessel proximate to the abdominal cavity such that fluid can flow from the abdominal cavity, through one-way valve 25, and into the interior of the blood vessel. One-way valve 25 may be deployed at an internal anatomical site using various methods (e.g., open surgery, percutaneous deployment, endoluminal deployment, etc.) or combinations thereof.

By way of example but not limitation, and looking now at FIGS. 11-13, one-way valve 25 may be implanted using an “abdominal approach” in which the one-way valve is advanced from the abdominal cavity, through the wall of the blood vessel, and into the lumen of the blood vessel.

By way of example but not limitation, in order to prepare the internal site for implantation of one-way valve 25, the surgeon first extracts the ascetic fluid from the abdominal cavity (e.g., using a syringe, a collection bag, suction, etc.). The abdominal cavity is then rinsed (e.g., with saline) and drained (e.g., using a syringe, collection bag, suction, etc.). If desired, one or more access ports (e.g., access cannulas) may be inserted into the patient's abdomen (i.e., through the skin) in order to provide the surgeon with access to the abdominal cavity and to visualize/access the blood vessel into which one-way valve 25 is to be implanted. By way of example but not limitation, the surgeon may use the access ports to insert optical devices, instruments, etc. into the abdominal cavity in order to help the surgeon locate the blood vessel (e.g., the inferior vena cava, the common iliac veins, etc.) into which one-way valve 25 is to be implanted.

Puncture device 115 of delivery system 110 may be advanced from the abdominal cavity (e.g., through delivery sheath 130) so that it passes through the side wall of the blood vessel so as to form a hole in the side wall of the blood vessel, and then deployment catheter 125 (passing through delivery sheath 130) may be used to bring one-way valve 25 (with its proximal connection element 40 and its distal connection element 45 in their radially contracted conditions) through the hole formed in the side wall of the blood vessel. Then deployment catheter 125 is removed so that proximal connection element 40 and distal connection element 45 assume their radially expanded conditions, whereby to secure one-way valve 25 in the side wall of the blood vessel. Delivery sheath 130 may then be removed. At the conclusion of the procedure, one-way valve 25 is securely anchored within the side wall of the blood vessel (e.g., the inferior vena cava), held in position by proximal connection element 40 and distal connection element 45. Inlet 70 of tube 50 of one-way valve 25 is fluidically connected to the abdominal cavity and outlet 75 of tube 50 of one-way valve 25 is fluidically connected to the blood vessel (e.g., the interior of the inferior vena cava). As a result, fluid (e.g., fluid resulting from ascites) is able to flow from the abdominal cavity, into inlet 70 of tube 50, along lumen 65 of tube 50, through valve element 35 and out outlet 75 of tube 50 into the interior of the blood vessel (e.g., the interior of the inferior vena cava), but fluid is unable to flow in the opposite direction. Thus, fluid can exit the abdominal cavity and enter the blood vessel without the need for a long catheter or the need for external access to the abdominal cavity.

Alternatively, and looking now at FIGS. 14 and 15, one-way valve 25 may be implanted using an “endoluminal approach”. In a preferred form of the present invention, one-way valve 25 is implanted using an endovascular approach in which the one-way valve is advanced from the lumen of the blood vessel, through the wall of the blood vessel, and into the abdominal cavity.

By way of example but not limitation, in order to prepare the internal site for implantation of one-way valve 25, the surgeon first extracts the ascetic fluid from the abdominal cavity (e.g., using a syringe, a collection bag, suction, etc.). If desired, fluid may also be drained from the abdominal cavity using novel delivery system 110 (e.g., by draining the abdominal cavity using deployment catheter 125 and/or delivery sheath 130). The abdominal cavity is then rinsed (e.g., with saline) and drained (e.g., using a syringe, collection bag, suction, etc.). If desired, one or more access ports (e.g., access cannulas) may be inserted into the patient's abdomen (i.e., through the skin) in order to provide the surgeon with access to the abdominal cavity and to visualize/access the blood vessel into which one-way valve 25 is to be implanted, however, it should be appreciated that such access ports in the patient's abdomen are generally unnecessary when using an endovascular approach to implant one-way valve 25. By way of example but not limitation, the surgeon may use the access ports to insert optical devices, instruments, etc. into the abdominal cavity in order to help the surgeon locate the blood vessel (e.g., the inferior vena cava, the common iliac veins, etc.) into which one-way valve 25 is to be implanted.

After the surgeon has located a suitable blood vessel for implantation and identified a suitable implantation site (i.e., a suitable blood vessel for receiving one-way valve 25 proximate to the abdominal cavity), puncture device 115 is used to puncture the skin of the patient so as to access the interior of a blood vessel. In a preferred form of the invention, access to the vasculature is made by puncturing the jugular vein (FIG. 15A) using a puncture device 115 and then the one-way valve is advanced to the selected internal site endoluminally. Alternatively, access to the vasculature may be achieved by puncturing the subclavian vein (also known as the vena subclavia) and then one-way valve is advanced to the internal site endoluminally. In still another form of the invention, access to the vasculature is made via the vena femoralis (FIG. 15B) at a location remote from the patient's abdomen (e.g., the thigh, groin, etc.) in order to allow endoluminal advancement of one-way valve 25 to the selected internal anatomical site. Guidewire 120 is then inserted into the blood vessel (e.g., the jugular vein) and advanced through the puncture site endoluminally until the guidewire is disposed at the internal anatomical site (e.g., the desired location within the inferior vena cava).

Delivery sheath 130 is then advanced to the internal anatomical site by passing delivery sheath 130 over guidewire 120.

Puncture device 115 is then advanced to the internal anatomical site and used to puncture the side wall of the blood vessel (e.g., the distal inferior vena cava, distal to the inflow of the renal veins so as to avoid damaging the duodenum) at the internal anatomical site where one-way valve 25 is to be implanted, and to puncture any intervening tissue, whereby to create a path between the interior of the blood vessel and the abdominal cavity.

Deployment catheter 125, carrying one-way valve 25 within the lumen of deployment catheter 125, is then advanced to the internal anatomical site through the lumen of delivery sheath 130, and deployment catheter 125 is advanced through the puncture site in the side wall of the blood vessel (e.g., the inferior vena cava) and into the abdominal cavity. It should be appreciated that at this time, one-way valve 25 is disposed just inside the distal end of deployment catheter 125 (or, alternatively, one-way valve 25 may be advanced to a position just inside the distal end of deployment catheter 125). When one-way valve 25 is disposed in the desired position, the surgeon deploys one-way valve either by (i) pushing one-way valve 25 such that proximal connection element 40 is advanced out of the lumen of deployment catheter 125, or (ii) by withdrawing deployment catheter 125 such that proximal connection element 40 is freed from the lumen of deployment catheter 125, or (iii) by a combination of the foregoing techniques. As the radially-constricted legs 80 of proximal connection element 40 are released from deployment catheter 125, legs 80 expand radially outward, with distally-directed contact surfaces 85 contacting the outer wall of the blood vessel (or the interstitial tissue covering the outer wall of the blood vessel).

Next, deployment catheter 125 is withdrawn further until distal connection element 45, which is disposed within the interior of the blood vessel (e.g., the interior of the inferior vena cava), is uncovered. As the radially-constricted legs 90 of distal connection element 45 are released from deployment catheter 125, legs 90 expand radially outward into their radially-expanded configuration, with proximally-directed contact surfaces 95 contacting the inner wall of the blood vessel. At this point, one-way valve 25 is locked in position within the side wall of the blood vessel.

Finally, deployment catheter 125 is withdrawn so as to remove the deployment catheter from the patient's body, and then guidewire 120 and delivery sheath 130 are also withdrawn from the patient's body.

At the conclusion of the procedure, one-way valve 25 is securely anchored within the side wall of the blood vessel (e.g., the inferior vena cava), held in position by proximal connection element 40 and distal connection element 45. Inlet 70 of tube 50 of one-way valve 25 is fluidically connected to the abdominal cavity and outlet 75 of tube 50 of one-way valve 25 is fluidically connected to the blood vessel (e.g., the interior of the inferior vena cava). As a result, fluid (e.g., fluid resulting from ascites) is able to flow from the abdominal cavity, into inlet 70 of tube 50, along lumen 65 of tube 50, through valve element 35 and out outlet 75 of tube 50 into the interior of the blood vessel (e.g., the interior of the inferior vena cava), but fluid is unable to flow in the opposite direction. Thus, fluid can exit the abdominal cavity and enter the blood vessel without the need for a long catheter or the need for external access to the abdominal cavity.

Alternative One-Way Valve

Looking now at FIGS. 16-19, there is shown another one-way valve 25A formed in accordance with the present invention. One-way valve 25A is substantially identical to the one-way valve 25 discussed above, however, proximal connection element 40 and distal connection element 45 are replaced by proximal connection element 40A and distal connection element 45A, respectively.

More particularly, one-way valve 25A generally comprises a body 30A, a valve element 35A, a proximal connection element 40A and a distal connection element 45A.

Body 30A generally comprises a tube 50A having a proximal end 55A, a distal end 60A, and a lumen 65A extending therebetween. Lumen 65A comprises an inlet 70A disposed at proximal end 55A of tube 50A and an outlet 75A disposed at distal end 60A of tube 50A.

In one form of the present invention, tube 50A (and hence, lumen 65A) comprises a generally circular cross-section and is radially compressible in order to aid in implantation of one-way valve 25A into a blood vessel, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail. It should be appreciated that in a preferred form of the invention, the length of tube 50A can be selected such that the length of tube 50A is at least equal to the thickness of the wall of the blood vessel into which one-way valve 25A is to be implanted, plus the thickness of interstitial tissue which tube 50A will need to extend through in order to reach the wall of the blood vessel, plus the thickness of the peritoneal layer which tube 50A will need to extend through. Furthermore, if desired, the diameter of tube 50A can be selected such that tube 50A will comprise a diameter smaller than the diameter of the blood vessel into which one-way valve 25A is to be implanted.

Valve element 35A is disposed within lumen 65A of tube 50A, intermediate proximal end 55A and distal end 60A of tube 50A. In one form of the invention, valve element 35A comprises a one-way slit-type valve which allows fluid to enter into inlet 70A, pass through the proximal portion of lumen 65A, pass through valve element 35A, pass through the distal portion of lumen 65A and exit lumen 65A out of outlet 75A, but which does not allow fluid to flow in the opposite direction (i.e., from the blood vessel, through valve element 35A and into the abdominal cavity). As a result, when one-way valve 25A is implanted into a blood vessel (e.g., a vein) in the region of the abdominal cavity such that inlet 70A is open to fluid within the abdominal cavity and outlet 75A is open to the interior of a blood vessel, fluid can flow from the abdominal cavity, through one-way valve 25A and into the blood vessel, but fluid cannot flow in the opposite direction.

It should be appreciated that valve element 35A is preferably configured such that valve element 35A is “closed” (i.e., does not permit fluid to flow) until the pressure differential between (i) the pressure of the fluid entering inlet 70A, and (ii) the pressure of the fluid entering outlet 75A, rises above a pre-determined threshold. By way of example but not limitation, valve element 35A may be configured to “open” (i.e., allow fluid to flow from inlet 70A, through valve element 35A and out of outlet 75A) when the pressure differential on the two sides of the valve element is less than 10 mmHg and, more preferably, when the pressure differential is between 2 mmHg and 5 mmHg.

Proximal connection element 40A is preferably mounted to proximal end 55A of tube 50A of valve body 30A, and distal connection element 45A is preferably mounted to distal end 60A of tube 50A of valve body 30A. Proximal connection element 40A and distal connection element 45A are preferably spaced apart from one another such that when one-way valve 25A is deployed at an internal site (e.g., across the wall of a blood vessel such as a vein), the blood vessel wall is captured between proximal connection element 40A and distal connection element 45A, whereby to anchor one-way valve 25A in place within the wall of the blood vessel. To this end, the distance between proximal connection element 40A and distal connection element 45A is preferably equal to the thickness of the vessel wall to be spanned by one-way valve 25A plus any intervening tissue through which the deployed one-way valve 25A will pass (e.g., interstitial tissue, peritoneal layer, etc.).

Proximal connection element 40A is similar to the aforementioned proximal connection element 40, however, proximal connection element 40A comprises a radially expandable mesh basket 155, rather than a plurality of legs 80, for engaging the outer wall of the blood vessel. More particularly, basket 155 of proximal connection element 40A is preferably spring-biased such that basket 155 will automatically deploy radially outward when proximal connection element 40A is unconstrained (i.e., released from deployment catheter 125 in the manner discussed above).

Distal connection element 45A is similar to the aforementioned distal connection element 45, however, distal connection element 45A comprises a radially expandable mesh basket 160, rather than a plurality of legs 80, for engaging the inner wall of the blood vessel. More particularly, basket 160 of distal connection element 45A is preferably spring-biased such that basket 160 will automatically deploy radially outward when distal connection element 45A is unconstrained (i.e., released from deployment catheter 125 in the manner discussed above).

Although one-way valve 25A is depicted in FIGS. 16-19 as having two connection elements (i.e., a proximal connection element 40A and a distal connection element 45A), it should be appreciated that, if desired, one-way valve 25A may comprise only a single connection element. By way of example but not limitation, distal connection element 45A may be omitted. In this form of the invention, proximal connection element 40A is configured to anchor one-way valve 25A in the blood vessel (e.g., proximal connection element 40A might comprise a sewing ring for suturing proximal connection element 40A to the wall of the blood vessel or the intervening tissue). This may be advantageous in some applications, inasmuch as distal connection element 45A would otherwise be disposed within the interior of a blood vessel, and the omission of distal connection element 45A (i.e., radially expandable mesh basket 160 of distal connection element 45A), which is typically disposed within the interior of the blood vessel, can minimize the incidence of thrombosis at the site of implantation.

Alternative Valve Elements

In the foregoing descriptions, valve elements 35/35A are shown and described as slit-type valves which automatically open in order to allow fluid flow in a single, pre-determined direction (i.e., from the abdominal cavity, through valve element 35/35A and out to the interior of the blood vessel) when the pressure differential across the valve element exceeds a pre-determined threshold.

However, it should be appreciated that valve elements 35/35A may be provided in various other configurations if desired.

By way of example but not limitation, and looking now at FIG. 20, there is shown a valve element 35B which comprises a flexible flap 165 which pivots away from a stop 170 when the pressure differential across the valve exceeds a predetermined threshold, whereby to allow fluid flow, but which seats against stop 170 when the pressure differential across the valve falls below a predetermined threshold. In this way, valve element 35B provides one-way flow through lumen 65 of one-way valve 25.

By way of further example but not limitation, and looking now at FIG. 21, there is shown a valve element 35C which comprises a spring-biased plunger 175 which is configured to move longitudinally away from a stop 180 when the pressure differential across the valve exceeds a predetermined threshold, whereby to allow fluid flow, but which seats against stop 180 when the pressure differential across the valve falls below a predetermined threshold. In this way, valve element 35C provides one-way flow through lumen 65 of one-way valve 25.

By way of further example but not limitation, and looking now at FIG. 22, there is shown a valve element 35D which comprises a ball 185 which is configured to move longitudinally within a cage 190, so that ball 185 can move away from a stop 195 when the pressure differential across the valve exceeds a predetermined threshold, whereby to allow fluid flow, but which seats against stop 195 when the pressure differential across the valve falls below a predetermined threshold. In this way, valve element 35D provides one-way flow through lumen 65 of one-way valve 25.

By way of further example but not limitation, and looking now at FIG. 23, there is shown a valve element 35E which comprises a disc 200 which is configured to move longitudinally within a chamber 205, so that disc 200 can move away from a stop 210 when the pressure differential across the valve exceeds a predetermined threshold, whereby to allow fluid flow, but which seats against stop 210 when the pressure differential across the valve falls below a predetermined threshold. In this way, valve element 35E provides one-way flow through lumen 65 of one-way valve 25.

By way of further example but not limitation, and looking now at FIG. 24, there is shown a valve element 35F which comprises a wheel 215 which is configured to rotate in one direction within a chamber 220 when the pressure differential across the valve exceeds a predetermined threshold, whereby to allow fluid flow through lumen 65 of one-way valve 25, but which is prevented from rotating in the opposite direction within the chamber by a stop 225 when the pressure differential across the valve falls below a predetermined threshold, whereby to prevent fluid flow through lumen 65 of one-way valve 25. In this way, valve element 35F provides one-way flow through lumen 65 of one-way valve 25.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that still other configurations are possible for valve element 35.

Alternative Connection Elements

In the foregoing description, one-way valve 25 is described as being having a body 50 which extends through the wall of a blood vessel, and having a proximal connection element 40 contacting the outside surface of the blood vessel, and a distal connection element 45 contacting the inside surface of the blood vessel, and with connection elements 40, 45 being spaced apart from one another such that when one-way valve 25 is deployed across the wall of a blood vessel, the blood vessel wall is captured between proximal connection element 40 and distal connection element 45, whereby to anchor one-way valve 25 in place.

And in the foregoing description, proximal connection element 40 was described as comprising a plurality of legs 80 terminating in a plurality of distally-directed contact surfaces 85, and distal connection element 45 was described as comprising a plurality of legs 90 terminating in a plurality of proximally-directed contact surfaces 95.

However, it should be appreciated that it is possible to anchor one-way valve 25 in place across the wall of a blood vessel using various other configurations of connection elements.

By way of example but not limitation, and looking now at FIG. 25, in another form of the invention, there is shown a one-way valve 25B having a body 30B, wherein body 30B is in the form of an expandable stent 50B, and having a valve element 35 disposed within body 30B. In this form of the invention, stent 50B is capable of expanding laterally, such that one end of stent 50B forms proximal connection element 40B and the other end of stent 50B forms distal connection element 45B, with proximal connection element 40B contacting the outside surface of the blood vessel and distal connection element 45B contacting the inside surface of the blood vessel, whereby to anchor one-way valve 25B in place. Expandable stent 50B is preferably a covered stent.

By way of further example but not limitation, and looking now at FIG. 26, in another form of the invention, there is shown a one-way valve 25C having a body 30C, wherein body 30C is in the form of a shaft 50C, and having a valve element 35 disposed within shaft 50C. In this form of the invention, one end of shaft 50C comprises barbs 230 so as to form proximal connection element 40C and the other end of shaft 50C comprises a flange 235 so as to form distal connection element 45C, with proximal connection element 40C engaging the wall of the blood vessel and distal connection element 45C contacting the inside surface of the blood vessel, whereby to anchor one-way valve 25C in place.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that still other configurations are possible for connection elements 40, 45.

Alternative One-Way Valve

Looking now at FIG. 27, there is shown another one-way valve 300 formed in accordance with the present invention. One-way valve 300 is generally similar to the one-way valves 25, 25A discussed above, however, the valve element is disposed on the distal end of the one-way valve so that the valve element extends into the blood vessel, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail.

More particularly, one-way valve 300 generally comprises a body 305, a valve element 310, a proximal connection element 315 and a distal connection element 320.

Body 305 generally comprises a tube 325 having a proximal end 330, a distal end 335, and a lumen 340 extending therebetween. Lumen 340 comprises an inlet 345 disposed at proximal end 330 of tube 325 and an outlet 350 disposed at distal end 335 of tube 325.

In one form of the present invention, tube 325 (and hence, lumen 340) comprises a generally circular cross-section and is radially-compressible in order to aid in implantation of one-way valve 300 into a blood vessel, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail. It should be appreciated that in a preferred form of the invention, the length of tube 325 can be selected such that the length of tube 325 is at least equal to the thickness of the wall of the blood vessel into which one-way valve 300 is to be implanted, plus the thickness of interstitial tissue which tube 325 will need to extend through. Furthermore, if desired, the diameter of tube 325 can be selected such that tube 325 will comprise a diameter smaller than the diameter of the blood vessel into which one-way valve 300 is to be implanted.

Valve element 310 preferably comprises a flexible length of tubing 355 having a proximal end 360, a distal end 365 and a passageway 370 extending therebetween. Proximal end 360 of tubing 355 comprises a valve element inlet 362 in fluid communication with passageway 370. Tubing 355 is mounted to outlet 350 of lumen 340 such that valve element inlet 362 (and hence, passageway 370) is fluidically connected to lumen 340. Distal end 365 of tubing 355 comprises a valve element outlet 367 in fluid communication with passageway 370. Passageway 370 of tubing 355 is preferably configured such that valve element outlet 367 of passageway 370 is closed (i.e., tubing 355 is flattened) when valve element 310 is in its resting state such that fluid cannot enter into, or exit out of, valve element outlet 367, i.e., such that valve element 310 is “closed”. When the pressure differential between (i) the pressure of the fluid entering valve element inlet 362 (which is equal to the fluid pressure entering inlet 345 of lumen 340), and (ii) the pressure of fluid entering valve element outlet 367 of valve element 310 rises above a pre-determined threshold, valve element outlet 367 “opens”, whereby to permit fluid to flow from inlet 345, through lumen 340, through outlet 350, through passageway 370 of tubing 355 (i.e., through valve element 310) and out of valve element outlet 367 such that the fluid exits out of one-way valve 300 and into the interior of the blood vessel. By way of example but not limitation, valve element 310 may be configured to “open” (i.e., allow fluid to flow from inlet 345, though lumen 340, through passageway 370 and out valve element outlet 367 of passageway 370) when the pressure differential on the two sides of the valve element is less than 10 mmHg and, more preferably, when the pressure differential is between 2 mmHg and 5 mmHg. It should be appreciated that in this form of the invention, valve element 310 generally comprises a one-way slit-type valve which allows fluid to enter inlet 345, pass through lumen 340, pass through outlet 350 and into passageway 370 of tubing 355 and pass out through valve element outlet 367, but which does not allow fluid to flow in the opposite direction (i.e., from the blood vessel, through valve element 310 and into the abdominal cavity). As a result, when one-way valve 300 is implanted into a blood vessel (e.g., a vein) in the region of the abdominal cavity such that inlet 345 is open to fluid within the abdominal cavity and valve element outlet 367 of valve element 310 is open to the interior of a blood vessel, fluid can flow from the abdominal cavity, through one-way valve 300 and into the blood vessel, but fluid cannot flow in the opposite direction.

In a preferred form of the present invention, tubing 355 of valve element 310 is curved so as to be disposed generally transverse to the longitudinal axis of lumen 340 of body 305 when one-way valve 300 is implanted into the side wall of a blood vessel, and so as to extend along a distance of the blood vessel into which one-way valve 300 is implanted. If desired, tubing 355 of valve element 310 may comprise a smooth outer surface (e.g., Teflon) in order to minimize thrombus formation.

It should also be appreciated that, if desired, an additional valve element (e.g., valve element 35,35A etc.) may be disposed within lumen 340 of body 305 of one-way valve 300 in addition to (or in lieu of) valve element 310. Alternatively, a valve element (e.g., valve element 35,35A, etc.) may be disposed within passageway 370 of tubing 355.

Proximal connection element 315 is preferably mounted to proximal end 330 of tube 325 of valve body 305, and distal connection element 320 is preferably mounted to distal end 335 of tube 325 of valve body 305. Proximal connection element 315 and distal connection element 320 are preferably spaced apart from one another such that when one-way valve 300 is deployed at an internal site (e.g., across the wall of a blood vessel such as a vein), the blood vessel wall is captured between proximal connection element 315 and distal connection element 320, whereby to anchor one-way valve 300 in place within the wall of the blood vessel. To this end, the distance between proximal connection element 315 and distal connection element 320 is preferably equal to the thickness of the vessel wall to be spanned by one-way valve 300 plus any intervening tissue through which the deployed one-way valve 300 will pass (e.g., interstitial tissue, peritoneal layer, etc.).

Proximal connection element 315 preferably comprises a plurality of legs 375 extending radially outward from tube 325 and terminating in a plurality of distally-directed contact surfaces 380. Legs 375 are preferably spring-biased such that they can be radially constrained when one-way valve 300 is being delivered to an internal anatomical site (e.g., via a delivery sheath), and thereafter spring outward (e.g., when the deliver sheath is removed) such that legs 375 and/or distally-directed contact surfaces 380 engage the wall of the blood vessel (or the intervening tissue), whereby to anchor proximal connection element 315 (and hence, one-way valve 300) in position, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, one-way valve 300 comprises four legs 375, however, it should be appreciated that one-way valve 300 may comprise a greater number of legs 375 (or a lesser number of legs 375) without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Distal connection element 320 preferably comprises a plurality of legs 385 extending radially outward from tube 325 and terminating in a plurality of proximally-directed contact surfaces 390. Legs 385 are preferably spring-biased such that they can be radially constrained when one-way valve 300 is being delivered to an internal anatomical site (e.g., via a delivery sheath), and thereafter spring outward (e.g., when the delivery sheath is removed) such that legs 385 and/or proximally-directed contact surfaces 390 engage the wall of the blood vessel (or the intervening tissue), whereby to anchor distal connection element 320 (and hence, one-way valve 300) in position, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail. In a preferred form of the present invention, one-way valve 300 comprises four legs 385, however, it should be appreciated that one-way valve 300 may comprise a greater number of legs 385 (or a lesser number of legs 385) without departing from the scope of the present invention.

In one preferred form of the invention, the distal end of one-way valve 300 (i.e., the portions of the one-way valve which extend into the interior of the blood vessel) are formed so as to be as smooth as possible so as to minimize thrombus formation.

Although one-way valve 300 is depicted in FIGS. 27 and 28 as having two connection elements (i.e., a proximal connection element 315 and a distal connection element 320), it should be appreciated that, if desired, one-way valve 300 may comprise only a single connection element. By way of example but not limitation distal connection element 320 may be omitted. In this form of the invention, proximal connection element 315 is configured to anchor one-way valve 300 in the blood vessel (e.g., proximal connection element 315 might comprise a sewing ring for suturing proximal connection element 315 to the wall of the blood vessel or the intervening tissue). This may be advantageous in some applications, inasmuch as distal connection element 320 would otherwise be disposed within the interior of a blood vessel, and the omission of distal connection element 320 (i.e., legs 385 of distal connection element 320), which is typically disposed within the interior of the blood vessel, can minimize the incidence of thrombosis at the site of implantation.

Exemplary Use Of One-Way Valve 300

In use, and looking now at FIG. 28, one-way valve 300 is preferably implanted into the peritoneum/interstitium and the wall of a blood vessel 100 (e.g., the vena cava, the vena iliaca, etc.) such that inlet 345 of one-way valve 300 is in fluid communication with the abdominal cavity 105 (e.g., such that inlet 345 is in fluid communication with the ascetic fluid), and valve element outlet 367 of valve element 310 is in fluid communication with the interior of blood vessel 100. Proximal connection element 315 contacts the outer wall of blood vessel 100 (or contacts the intervening tissue, e.g., the peritoneal layer and/or interstitial tissue), and distal connection element 320 contacts the inner wall of blood vessel 100 such that one-way valve 300 spans the blood vessel wall (and any intervening tissue) and provides a one-way fluid pathway from abdominal cavity 105, through tube 325, through valve element 310 into the interior of blood vessel 100.

As a result, fluid is able to flow from abdominal cavity 105, into inlet 345 of one-way valve 25, through valve element 310 and out valve element outlet 367 of tubing 355 of valve element 310, into the interior of blood vessel 100.

A delivery system (e.g., the aforementioned delivery system 110 or another novel delivery system, as will hereinafter be discussed) may be provided for implanting one-way valve 300 into the wall of a blood vessel.

Although an “endoluminal approach” (e.g., an endovascular approach) is preferably used to implant one-way valve 300 into the side wall of a blood vessel, if desired, an “abdominal approach” may be used.

Alternative Delivery System

As discussed above, one-way valve 300 (or one-way valve 25, 25A, etc.) is configure to be implanted into the side wall of a blood vessel (e.g., a vein) at an internal anatomical site in order to facilitate treatment of ascites. To this end, it is possible to use the novel delivery system 110 discussed above in order to deliver one-way valve 300 to the internal anatomical site and to deploy the one-way valve into the side wall of the blood vessel. However, in one preferred form of the present invention, it is desirable to provide additional control over implanting and deploying one-way valve 300 by utilizing an alternative form of delivery system.

To that end, and looking now at FIGS. 29-36, there is shown an alternative novel delivery system 400 formed in accordance with the present invention. Delivery System 400 generally comprises a puncture device (e.g., the aforementioned puncture device 115), a guidewire 410, a dilator 415, a deployment catheter 420 and a delivery tool 425.

More particularly, the puncture device (not shown in FIGS. 29-36) preferably comprises an elongated shaft having a sharp distal end which may be used to penetrate through tissue (e.g., through the peritoneal layer, through interstitial tissue, through the wall of a blood vessel, etc.). If desired, the puncture device (e.g., puncture device 115) may be omitted, and a guidewire 410 may be used to penetrate tissue.

Guidewire 410 comprises a flexible guidewire of the sort well known in the art which may be used to guide the one-way to an internal site, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail. If desired, guidewire 410 may comprise a pre-curved tip (FIG. 32) to facilitate addressing the side wall of a blood vessel where one-way valve 300 is to be implanted.

Dilator 415 comprises an elongated tube 430 having a tapered distal end 435. In a preferred form of the present invention, tapered distal end 435 comprises an opening for receiving guidewire 410 so that dilator 415 may be passed over guidewire 410 and advanced to an internal anatomical site, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail.

Deployment catheter 420 generally comprises a tube 440 having an open distal end 445, an open proximal end 450, and a lumen 455 extending therebetween (FIG. 33). Lumen 455 of tube 440 is sized so as to hold the one-way valve in a radially-contracted condition, e.g., with the legs of the proximal connection element and the legs of the distal connection element being held parallel to the body of the one-way valve, whereby to provide a reduced profile for delivery of the one-way valve to an internal anatomical site, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail. In one preferred form of the present invention, deployment catheter 420 also comprises a spring 460 disposed in the distal portion of lumen 455 which biases a push rod 465 (which is slidably disposed within lumen 455) proximally, whereby to prevent premature deployment of the one-way valve out of distal end 445 of deployment catheter 420, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail.

Delivery tool 425 comprises a handle 470 and a steerable access sheath 475 extending distally from handle 470. Steerable access sheath 475 comprises a flexible distal end 480 and a proximal end 485 mounted to handle 470 with a lumen 490 extending therebetween. A passageway 495 (FIG. 30) is aligned with lumen 490 and extends through handle 470, opening on the proximal end of handle 470. Passageway 495 (and lumen 490) are sized to receive deployment catheter 420, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail. In a preferred form of the present invention, flexible distal end 480 of steerable access sheath 475 can be selectively articulated using handle 470 by various means, which will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure.

Method Of Implanting And Deploying A One-Way Valve Using Delivery System 400

As discussed above, a one-way valve (e.g., one-way valve 25, 25A, 300, etc.) is intended to be deployed in the side wall of a blood vessel proximate to the abdominal cavity such that fluid can flow from the abdominal cavity, through the one-way valve, and into the interior of the blood vessel. The one-way valve may be deployed at an internal anatomical site using various methods (e.g., open surgery, percutaneous deployment, endoluminal deployment, etc.) or combinations thereof.

For clarity of illustration, implantation of one-way valve 300 using novel delivery system 400 will be discussed hereinbelow in the context of an endovascular approach.

By way of example but not limitation, in order to prepare the internal site for implantation of one-way valve 300, the surgeon first extracts the ascetic fluid from the abdominal cavity (e.g., using a syringe, a collection bag, suction, etc.). If desired, the ascetic fluid may also be drained from the abdominal cavity using an endovascular drain of the sort well known in the art, or by draining the ascetic fluid endovascularly via delivery system 400. The abdominal cavity is then preferably rinsed (e.g., with saline) and drained again.

After the surgeon has located a suitable blood vessel for implantation and identified a suitable implantation site (i.e., a suitable blood vessel for receiving one-way valve 300 proximate to the abdominal cavity), the puncture device (e.g., puncture device 115) is used to puncture the skin of the patient so as to access the interior of a blood vessel. In a preferred form of the invention, access to the vasculature is made by puncturing the jugular vein (FIG. 15A) using puncture device 115 and then the one-way valve is advanced to the selected internal site endoluminally. Alternatively, access to the vasculature may be achieved by puncturing the subclavian vein (also known as the vena subclavia) and then the one-way valve is advanced to the internal site endoluminally. In still another form of the invention, access to the vasculature is made via the vena femoralis (FIG. 15B) at a location remote from the patient's abdomen (e.g., the thigh, groin, etc.) in order to allow endovascular advancement of one-way valve 300 to the selected internal anatomical site.

Steerable access sheath 475 is then advanced into the blood vessel (e.g., the jugular vein) and advanced endovascularly until flexible distal end 480 of steerable access sheath 475 is proximate to the implantation site. The surgeon then selectively articulates flexible distal end 480 of steerable access sheath 475 (e.g., via handle 470) until flexible distal end 480 of steerable access sheath 475 appropriately addresses the side wall of the blood vessel for facilitating implantation of one-way valve 300.

Guidewire 410 is then inserted into passageway 495 of handle 470 and through flexible access sheath 475 and advanced endovascularly until the guidewire is disposed at the internal anatomical site (e.g., the desired location within the inferior vena cava). See FIG. 37. It should be appreciated that, if desired, guidewire 410 may be advanced to the internal anatomical site first, and flexible access sheath 475 can be advanced over the guidewire.

Dilator 415 is then passed over guidewire 410 and advanced to the internal anatomical site (FIG. 37). Tapered distal end 435 of dilator 415 is then passed through the side wall of the blood vessel (and through interstitial tissue, the peritoneal layer, etc.) in order to form an enlarged passageway sized to received one-way valve 300 (FIG. 38).

Deployment catheter 420, carrying one-way valve 300 within lumen 455 of the deployment catheter, is then advanced to the internal anatomical site by passing deployment catheter 420 over guidewire 410 and over dilator 415. After distal end 445 of deployment catheter 420 is passed through the side wall of the blood vessel, through the interstitial tissue and through the peritoneal layer, such that distal end 445 is disposed within the abdominal cavity (FIG. 38), dilator 415 and guidewire 410 are removed (i.e., withdrawn proximally) leaving deployment catheter 420 in place within the anatomy (FIG. 39).

It should be appreciated that at this time, one-way valve 300 is disposed just inside the distal end of deployment catheter 420 (or, alternatively, one-way valve 300 may be advanced to a position just inside the distal end of deployment catheter 420). When one-way valve 300 is disposed in the desired position, the surgeon deploys one-way valve 300 by moving pushrod 465 distally against the power of spring 460 such that pushrod 465 engages one-way valve 300 and ejects the proximal end of one-way valve 300 out of deployment catheter 420, such that legs 375 expand radially outward, with distally-directed contact surfaces 380 contacting the outer wall of the blood vessel (or the interstitial tissue covering the outer wall of the blood vessel).

Next, deployment catheter 420 is withdrawn further until distal connection element 320, which is disposed within the interior of the blood vessel (e.g., the interior of the inferior vena cava), is uncovered. As this occurs, radially-constricted legs 385 expand radially outward into their radially-expanded configuration, with proximally-directed contact surfaces 390 contacting the inner wall of the blood vessel. If necessary, steerable access sheath 475 can also be retracted slightly in order to provide room for radial expansion of legs 385. At this point, one-way valve 300 is locked in position within the side wall of the blood vessel. See FIGS. 40 and 41.

Finally, deployment catheter 420 is withdrawn so as to remove the deployment catheter from the patient's body and steerable access sheath 475 is also withdrawn, leaving one-way valve 300 implanted within the side wall of the blood vessel.

At the conclusion of the procedure, one-way valve 300 is securely anchored within the side wall of the blood vessel (e.g., the inferior vena cava), held in position by proximal connection element 315 and distal connection element 320. Inlet 345 of tube 325 of one-way valve 300 is fluidically connected to the abdominal cavity and valve element outlet 367 of tubing 355 of valve element 310 of one-way valve 300 is fluidically connected to the blood vessel (e.g., the interior of the inferior vena cava). As a result, fluid (e.g., fluid resulting from ascites) is able to flow from the abdominal cavity, into inlet 345 of tube 325, along lumen 340 of tube 325, through tubing 355 of valve element 310 and out valve element outlet 367 of tubing 355 into the interior of the blood vessel (e.g., the interior of the inferior vena cava), but fluid is unable to flow in the opposite direction. Thus, fluid can exit the abdominal cavity and enter the blood vessel without the need for a long catheter or the need for external access to the abdominal cavity.

Novel Valve For Draining Body Fluid From A Body Cavity, And In Particular For Draining Fluid From The Pleural Cavity

In addition to the foregoing, it should also be appreciated that any of the one-way valves discussed above (e.g., one-way valve 25, one-way valve 25A, etc.) and/or any of the delivery systems discussed above (e.g., delivery system 110) may also be used to drain fluid from a first body cavity into a second body cavity, and/or to drain fluid from a body cavity into the venous system of the patient.

By way of example but not limitation, one such instance where it may be desirable to drain fluid from a first body cavity into a second body cavity is where there is fluid build-up in the pleural cavity (i.e., the space between the visceral pleural layer and the parietal plural layer) such as can occur in association with conditions such as cancer, heart disease, etc. Such fluid-build up in the pleural cavity is commonly referred to as pleural effusion.

In accordance with the present invention, pleural effusion may be treated by implanting a novel one-way valve in the body such that the proximal end of the one-way valve is in fluid communication with the fluid inside the pleural cavity and the distal end of the one-way valve is in fluid communication with the abdominal cavity.

To this end, and looking now at FIGS. 43-45, there is shown a novel one-way valve 500 formed in accordance with the present invention which is sized and configured for implantation into a patient's body so as to facilitate draining of a first body cavity (e.g., the pleural body cavity) to a second body cavity (e.g., the abdominal cavity), and/or to facilitate draining of a first body cavity (e.g., the pleural cavity) to the venous system of the patient (e.g., the vena cava). One-way valve 500 preferably comprises a proximal end 505, a distal end 510 and a body 515 extending therebetween. If desired, body 515 of one-way valve 500 may be structured and/or textured so as to facilitate implantation of one-way valve 500 into the body of a patient. By way of example but not limitation, body 515 may comprise a “stent structure” (FIG. 43) for promoting ingrowth of adjoining tissue and/or for anchoring body 515 in the tissue of the patient.

Body 515 comprises a tube 520 having an inlet 525 disposed at proximal end 505 of one-way valve and an outlet 530 disposed at distal end 510 of one-way valve 500, with a lumen 535 extending therebetween. In one preferred form of the invention, tube 520 comprises expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). The length of body 515 of one-way valve 500 can be selected such that the length of tube 520 of one-way valve 500 is at least equal to the thickness of the tissue (e.g., the diaphragm) into which one-way valve 500 is to be implanted, plus the thickness of tissue which tube 520 will need to extend through in order to reach the pleural cavity (e.g., the parietal pleura, etc.).

A valve element 540 (FIG. 45) is preferably disposed in lumen 535 of tube 520 intermediate inlet 525 and outlet 530, with valve element 540 being configured to permit one-way flow of fluid through lumen 535 from inlet 525 to outlet 530, but to prevent fluid from flowing in the opposite direction (i.e., from outlet 530 to inlet 525).

In one preferred form of the invention, valve element 540 comprises a one-way, slit-type valve such that fluid may enter into inlet 525, pass through the proximal portion of lumen 535, pass through valve element 540, pass through the distal portion of lumen 535 and exit out of outlet 530, but which does not allow fluid to flow in the opposite direction (i.e., from the abdominal cavity, through valve element 540 and into the pleural cavity). As a result, when one-way valve 500 is implanted into the body of a patient such that inlet 525 is open to fluid disposed in a first body cavity (e.g., the pleural cavity) and outlet 530 is open to the interior of a second body cavity (e.g., the abdominal cavity), fluid can flow from the first body cavity (e.g., the pleural cavity), through one-way valve 500 and into the second body cavity (e.g., the abdominal cavity), but fluid cannot flow in the opposite direction.

It should be appreciated that valve element 540 is preferably configured such that valve element 540 is “closed” (i.e., does not permit fluid to flow) until the pressure differential between (i) the pressure of the fluid entering inlet 525, and (ii) the pressure of the fluid entering outlet 530, rises above a pre-determined threshold. By way of example but not limitation, valve element 540 may be configured to “open” (i.e., allow fluid to flow from inlet 525, through valve element 540 and out of outlet 530) when the pressure differential on the two sides of the valve element is less than 10 mmHg and, more preferably, when the pressure differential is between 2 mmHg and 5 mmHg.

Alternatively and/or additionally, if desired, outlet 530 of tube 520 may comprise valve element 540. By way of example but not limitation, distal end 530 of tube 520 may be flattened, e.g., in the manner of a “duckbill valve” so as to form valve element 540, whereby to permit fluid to flow from inlet 525 through lumen 535, through valve element 540 (i.e., the flattened proximal portion of tube 520), and out outlet 530 while preventing fluid from flowing in the opposite direction (i.e., from outlet 530 through lumen 535 and out inlet 525).

Novel Method For Draining Body Fluid From A First Body Cavity To A Second Body Cavity, And In Particular For Draining Fluid From The Pleural Cavity To The Abdominal Cavity

If desired, a one-way valve may be implanted into the body such that the one end of the one-way valve is in fluid connection with a first body cavity, and the other end of the one-way valve is in fluid communication with a second body cavity. For purposes of illustration, the present invention will now be discussed in the context of a one-way valve implanted between the pleural cavity and the abdominal cavity, however, it should be appreciated that a one-way valve may be implanted so as to span (and be in fluid connection with) substantially any two body cavities without departing from the scope of the present invention.

As will also hereinafter be discussed in further detail, one-way valve 500 may be implanted using an “abdominal approach” in which the one-way valve is advanced from the abdominal cavity, through the diaphragm, and into the pleural cavity. Alternatively, one-way valve 500 may be implanted using an “thoracic approach” in which the one-way valve is advanced from the pleural cavity, through the diaphragm, and into the abdominal cavity.

Looking now at FIGS. 46-48, in one preferred form of the invention, novel one-way valve 500 may be implanted into the body such that inlet 525 of tube 520 located at proximal end 505 of one-way valve 500 is disposed in, and fluidically connected to, a pleural cavity 545 and such that outlet 530 of tube 520 located at distal end 510 of one-way valve 500 is disposed in, and fluidically connected to, the abdominal cavity 550, such that body 515 of one-way valve 500 passes through the intervening tissue (i.e., the diaphragm, the parietal pleura, etc.) disposed between pleural cavity 545 and abdominal cavity 550.

More particularly, and still looking at FIGS. 46-48, in one preferred form of the invention, one-way valve 500 is implanted endoscopically (e.g., laparoscopically or thorascoscopically) by accessing the abdominal cavity (e.g., via a surgical access cannula), locating an appropriate position on the diaphragm for implantation of one-way valve 500 (e.g., taking into consideration any diseased tissue proximate to the diaphragm, connective tissue, muscular tissue, etc.) and then puncturing (e.g., with a needle, puncturing device, etc.) diaphragm 555 and the parietal pleura 560 (and any intervening tissue) so as to form an “access tunnel” through the tissue disposed between abdominal cavity 550 and pleural cavity 545. If desired, a guidewire (not shown) may be inserted into the “access tunnel” so as to guide insertion of one-way valve 500 into the “access tunnel.” Alternatively and/or additionally, a delivery system (e.g., the aforementioned delivery system 110) may be used to deliver one-way valve 500 to the surgical site in the manner discussed above.

After the “access tunnel” has been formed, proximal end 505 of one-way valve 500 is advanced into “access tunnel” (e.g., over a guidewire, if used), through the diaphragm 555, through the parietal pleura 560 and into the pleural cavity 545 such that inlet 525 of tube 520 of one-way valve 500 is fluidically connected to the pleural cavity, and such that outlet 530 of tube 520 of one-way valve 500 is disposed in, and fluidically connected to, abdominal cavity 550. Body 515 preferably engages diaphragm 555 and/or any intervening tissue that body 515 of one-way valve 500 passes through.

Once one-way valve 500 is implanted such that it fluidically connects pleural cavity 545 with abdominal cavity 550, fluid disposed in pleural cavity 545 is able to flow enter one-way valve 500 via inlet 525 of tube 520, flow through lumen 535 of tube 520, pass through one-way valve 540, and exit out of outlet 530 of tube 520 into abdominal cavity 550.

If desired, a camera (e.g., a surgical camera inserted via an access portal into the abdominal cavity) may be used by the surgeon in order to ensure correct device placement and/or to inspect for blood dryness, etc. After the device is implanted in the desired position (and confirmed by the surgeon), the delivery device (if used), guidewire, camera(s), surgical access cannula(s), etc. are removed from the surgical site and any access portals are closed and dressed.

As a result, fluid can now be continuously drained from pleural cavity 545 to abdominal cavity 550, where the fluid may be reabsorbed by the body (or drained from the abdominal cavity via another method), whereby to treat pleural effusion.

It should be appreciated that one-way valve 500 may be implanted into the diaphragm so as to fluidically connect pleural cavity 545 to abdominal cavity 550 at substantially any location where the surrounding anatomy permits implantation. By way of example but not limitation, one-way valve 500 may be implanted into the medial, paraaortal portion of the diaphragm (i.e., near where the central tendon is located) as shown in FIG. 46. By way of further example but not limitation, one-way valve 500 may be implanted into the left portion of the diaphragm as shown in FIG. 47. By way of further example but not limitation, one-way valve 500 may be implanted into the central area of the left portion of the diaphragm as shown in FIG. 48. By way of still further example but not limitation, one-way valve 500 may be implanted into the costal muscle fibers of the diaphragm (i.e., the outer portion of the diaphragm). It should also be appreciated that, if desired, multiple one-way valves 500 may be implanted into the diaphragm so as to fluidically connect pleural cavity 545 to abdominal cavity 550.

Although implantation of one-way valve 500 has been discussed above in the in the context of a laparoscopic approach (i.e., implanting one-way valve 500 into the diaphragm using an endoscopic, abdominal-to-pleural cavity implantation approach), if desired, one-way valve 500 may be instead implanted thoracosopically (i.e., one-way valve 500 may be implanted by accessing the thoracic cavity/pleural cavity first, and then inserting the distal end through the intervening tissue and the diaphragm so that the distal end of one-way valve 500 is disposed in the abdominal cavity).

Novel Method For Draining Body Fluid From A Body Cavity To a Blood Vessel, And In Particular For Draining Fluid From The Pleural Cavity To a Veneous Blood Vessel

If desired, a one-way valve may be implanted into the body such that the one-way valve is in fluid connection with a first body cavity and with a blood vessel (e.g., the vena subclavia, the vena cava, etc.). For purposes of illustration, the present invention will now be discussed in the context of a one-way valve implanted between the pleural cavity and the vena cava so as to fluidically connect the pleural cavity and the vena cava, however, it should be appreciated that a one-way valve may be implanted so as to fluidically connect substantially any body cavity and substantially any blood vessel without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Looking now at FIG. 49, in one preferred form of the invention, novel one-way valve 500 is implanted into the body such that inlet 525 of tube 520 located at proximal end 505 of one-way valve 500 is disposed in, and fluidically connected to, a pleural cavity 545 such that outlet 530 of tube 520 located at the distal end 510 of one-way valve 500 is disposed in, and fluidically connected to, the interior of a venous blood vessel (e.g., the vena cava) 565 such that one-way valve 500 passes through the intervening disposed between the pleural cavity 545 and venous blood vessel 565, whereby to fluidically connect pleural cavity 545 to venous blood vessel 565.

More particularly, and still looking at FIG. 49, in one preferred form of the invention, one-way valve 500 is implanted using an endovascular approach. After the surgeon has located a suitable blood vessel for implantation and identified a suitable implantation site (i.e., a suitable blood vessel for receiving one-way valve 500 proximate to the pleural cavity), a puncture device (e.g., the aforementioned puncture device 115) is used to puncture the skin of the patient so as to access the interior of the blood vessel. In a preferred form of the invention, access to the vasculature is made by puncturing the jugular vein using a puncture device and then the one-way valve is advanced to the selected internal site endoluminally. Alternatively, access to the vasculature may be achieved by puncturing the subclavian vein (also known as the vena subclavia) and then one-way valve is advanced to the internal site endoluminally. In still another form of the invention, access to the vasculature is made via the vena femoralis at a location remote from the patient's chest (e.g., the thigh, groin, etc.) in order to allow endoluminal advancement of one-way valve 500 to the selected internal anatomical site.

When one-way valve 500 (and/or the appropriate delivery system) is disposed at the desired location along venous blood vessel 565 (e.g., in the vena cava proximate to the pleural cavity), an “access tunnel” is formed in the side wall of the vasculature so as to pass through the intervening tissue and into pleural cavity 545. The proximal end 505 of one-way valve 500 is then advanced through the “access tunnel” and into pleural cavity 545 such that inlet 525 of tube 520 disposed at proximal end 505 of body 515 of one-way valve 500) is fluidically connected to pleural cavity 545, and such that outlet 530 of tube 520 (disposed at distal end 510 of body 515 of one-way valve 500) is fluidically connected to the interior of venous blood vessel 565. If desired, a guidewire (not shown) may be inserted into the “access tunnel” so as to guide insertion of one-way valve 500 into the “access tunnel”. Alternatively and/or additionally, if desired, a delivery system (e.g., the aforementioned delivery system 110) is to be used to deliver the one-way valve to the surgical site.

Body 515 preferably engages the side wall of the vasculature and/or the intervening tissue into which one-way valve 500 is implanted. After one-way valve 500 is implanted such that it fluidically connects pleural cavity 545 with the interior of venous blood vessel 565, fluid disposed in pleural cavity 545 is able to enter one-way valve 500 via inlet 525 of tube 520, flow through lumen 535 of tube 520, pass through one-way valve 540, and exit out of outlet 530 of tube 520 into venous blood vessel 565.

If desired, an endoluminal ultrasound device (e.g., an ultrasound device inserted endoluminally and advanced to the surgical site) may be used by the surgeon in order to ensure correct device placement and/or to inspect for blood dryness, etc. After the device is implanted in the desired position (and confirmed by the surgeon), the delivery device (if used), guidewire, ultrasound device, surgical access portal(s), etc. are removed from the surgical site and any access portals are closed and dressed. As a result, fluid can now be continuously drained from pleural cavity 545 to venous blood vessel 565, where the fluid is reabsorbed by the body, whereby to treat pleural effusion.

It should be appreciated that multiple one-way valves 500 may be implanted into the side wall of venous blood vessel 565 so as to fluidically connect pleural cavity 545 to the interior of venous blood vessel 565 as discussed above. Alternatively and/or additionally, multiple one-way valves 500 may be implanted into the side wall of multiple venous blood vessels so as to fluidically connect pleural cavity 545 to the interior of venous blood vessels as discussed above.

Although implantation of one-way valve 500 has been discussed above in the in the context of a endoluminal approach (i.e., implanting one-way valve 500 into the side wall of a venous blood vessel using an endoluminal, venous blood vessel-to-pleural cavity implantation approach), if desired, one-way valve 500 may be instead implanted thoracosopically (i.e., one-way valve 500 may be implanted by accessing the thoracic cavity/pleural cavity first, and inserting the distal end of one-way valve 500 through the intervening tissue and the side wall of veneous blood vessel 565 so that the distal end of one-way valve 500 is disposed in the interior of the venous blood vessel).

Modifications Of The Preferred Embodiments

It should be understood that many additional changes in the details, materials, steps and arrangements of parts, which have been herein described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the present invention, may be made by those skilled in the art while still remaining within the principles and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating pleural effusion in a patient, the method comprising: providing a valve comprising: a body having a distal end, a proximal end and a lumen extending therebetween; an inlet disposed at the proximal end of the body, the inlet being fluidically connected to the lumen; an outlet disposed at the distal end of the body, the outlet being fluidically connected to the lumen; and at least one valve element disposed in the lumen of the body, the at least one valve element being a one-way valve element configured to permit the passage of fluid in a single direction through the lumen of the body; and implanting the valve in the body of the patient such that the inlet of the valve is fluidically connected to the pleural cavity of the patient, and such that the outlet of the valve is fluidically connected to a second body cavity.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the second body cavity comprises the abdominal cavity.
 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the body of the valve comprises a stent body, and further wherein the stent body is configured to promote ingrowth of adjacent tissue into the stent body so as to anchor the stent body in position after the valve is implanted in the body of the patient.
 4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the at least one valve element is formed out of the distal end of the lumen by flattening the distal end of the lumen of the valve so as to form the valve element.
 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the valve is implanted into the patient by accessing the abdominal cavity and advancing the proximal end of the valve through the diaphragm, through the parietal pleura, and into the pleural cavity.
 6. A method according to claim 5 wherein the valve is implanted by accessing the abdominal cavity using an endoscopic cannula.
 7. A method according to claim 1 wherein the valve is implanted into the patient by accessing the thoracic cavity and advancing the distal end of the valve through the parietal pleura, through the diaphragm and into the abdominal cavity.
 8. A method according to claim 2 wherein the length of the body of the valve is at least equal to the thickness of the diaphragm plus the thickness of the parietal pleura plus the thickness of the interstitial tissue through which the valve is to extend.
 9. A method according to claim 1 wherein the at least one valve element is configured to allow the passage of fluid therethrough when the pressure differential across the valve element is less than 10 mmHg in a selected direction.
 10. A method according to claim 1 wherein the at least one valve element is configured to allow the passage of fluid therethrough when the pressure differential across the valve element is less than 5 mmHg.
 11. A method according to claim 1 the valve element is configured to allow the passage of fluid therethrough when the pressure differential across the valve element is less than 2 mmHg.
 12. A method according to claim 1 wherein the body of the valve comprises a circular cross-section.
 13. A method according to claim 1 wherein the body of the valve is radially compressible.
 14. A method according to claim 1 wherein the body of the valve comprises an expandable stent.
 15. A method according to claim 14 wherein the expandable stent is a covered stent.
 16. A method according to claim 1 wherein the second body cavity comprises the interior of a blood vessel.
 17. A method according to claim 16 wherein the blood vessel comprises the vena cava.
 18. A method according to claim 16 wherein the valve is implanted endoluminally by advancing the valve through the blood vessel to a location proximate to the pleural cavity, and passing the proximal end of the valve body through the side wall of the blood vessel and into the pleural cavity such that the inlet disposed at the proximal end of the body of the valve is fluidically connected to the plural cavity and such that the outlet disposed at the distal end of the body of the valve is fluidically connected to the interior of the blood vessel.
 19. A method according to claim 16 wherein the valve is implanted thoracoscopically by accessing the pleural cavity, and passing the distal end of the valve body through the side wall of the blood vessel and into the interior of the blood vessel such that the outlet disposed at the distal end of the body of the valve is fluidically connected to the interior of the blood vessel and such that the inlet disposed at the proximal end of the body of the valve is fluidically connected to the pleural cavity.
 20. A method according to claim 16 wherein the length of the body of the valve is at least equal to the thickness of the side wall of the blood vessel plus the thickness of the interstitial tissue plus the thickness of the parietal pleura through which the valve is to extend.
 21. A method according to claim 16 wherein the valve element is configured to allow the passage of fluid therethrough when the pressure differential across the at least one valve element is less than 10 mmHg in a selected direction.
 22. A method according to claim 16 wherein the valve element is configured to allow the passage of fluid therethrough when the pressure differential across the at least one valve element is less than 5 mmHg.
 23. A method according to claim 16 the valve element is configured to allow the passage of fluid therethrough when the pressure differential across the valve element is less than 2 mmHg.
 24. A method according to claim 16 wherein the body of the valve comprises a diameter which is smaller than the diameter of the blood vessel.
 25. A valve for draining fluid from a pleural cavity of a patient into a second body cavity of a patient, the valve comprising: a body having a distal end, a proximal end and a lumen extending therebetween, wherein the distance between the distal end of the body and the proximal end of the body is at least as great as the distance between the pleural cavity of a patient and the abdominal cavity of a patient; an inlet disposed at the proximal end of the body, the inlet being fluidically connected to the lumen; an outlet disposed at the distal end of the body, the outlet being fluidically connected to the lumen; and at least one valve element disposed in the lumen of the body, the at least one valve element being a one-way valve element configured to permit the passage of fluid in a single direction through the lumen of the body. 